Compare And Contrast Jack And Jay Gatsby - 932 Words

Jack and Jay Gatsby made a name for themselves, but they each achieved their goals in different manners. Jack from Fifty Grand and Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby were two of the many Hemingway and Fitzgerald created characters that we learned about in class. They had many similarities, however at times they were are completely opposite, for those reasons I have used them as my selected characters to compare and contrast. Jack and Jay Gatsby both had great success but regardless they both risked all of their wealth for something that they found they lacked at the moment. ’Well, I tried to swing the wheel----’ He broke off, and suddenly I guessed at the truth. Was Daisy driving?’ ‘Yes,’ he said after a moment, ‘but of course Ill say I†¦show more content†¦If Jay Gatsby would have used the new knowledge he learned from Dan Cody he could have made something bigger out of himself and obtained his wealth in a legal way. It isn’t always the easiest route to do thing the right way but if Jay Gatsby would have followed the right path he would not have had to worry about the risks and life a less stressful live. Jack wasn’t confident in the fight against Walcott and had no desire to keep fighting, so he took a deal with Morgan and Steinfield, to lose the fight on purpose, so they could all make some quick cash. Jack, from what we know, made his way up the boxing game legit, but regardless he sacrificed his legacy to make some quick cash, he not only disrespected the sport and his fans but he humiliated himself, his name and lost all dignity he had. If jack just tried that fight even if he lost he could have ended his career with a real fight and not a money move. Jack and Jay Gatsby also had some differences in their personalities. One of them being that Jack lacked the ambition and self confidence that Jay Gatsby possessed. â€Å"He skipped the rope a little while. He couldnt sweat. ‘Hed better not do any work at all,’ Hogan said. We were standing watching him skip rope. ‘Dont he ever sweat at all any more?’ ‘He cant sweat.’† (HemingwayShow MoreRelatedLove and Wealth in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay623 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a novel about a rich socialite, Jay Gatsby, who tries to win back his love, Daisy Buchannan. Nick Caraway, Daisy’s cousin, is the narrator who brings the reader through the time of the roaring twenties to tell the story of Jay Gatsby. The 1974 film of The Great Gatsby, directed by Jack Clayton, follows the detailed storyline closely by mirroring it, but also adds and takes away some aspects of the story. There a re many comparisons that can be made as wellRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2188 Words   |  9 Pages Life in The Great Gatsby was never shown as realistic. It was mostly of people who partied all night and drove in fancy cars and drank and danced until the sun came up. The only realistic life was Nick Carraway’s. He was just a guy trying to live and sell bonds in Long Island, but he got sucked into drama with his new neighbor and his cousin. Not all lives were so extravagant, most would think. However, it was called the roaring 20’s for a reason. People were living and having fun and actually partying

The Human Race - 937 Words

From the genesis of the human race, to the present human beings have been trying to find a sense of unity (disalienation) amongst their counterparts, but power struggles and social stratification have made this a never ending attempt. Karl Marx and Alexis Tocqueville have given the reader an insight into ‘alienation’ through the course of their historic analyses. Emancipation, though described as the â€Å"act of liberation from social, political and legal systems† (Merriam-Webster) has become subjective in nature, as society is controlled by power struggles, class divisions, followed by a contrasting want to create an egalitarian environment. This position paper seeks to answer the overbearing question, â€Å"Is the human race really free from alienation in the form of labor, family, power relations and most importantly the right to free freely?† through a comparative framework developed on the exemplary works of Marx and Tocqueville. Commencing with ‘Democracy in America’, Tocqueville uses this platform to show the differences in democracy and aristocracy or alienation and disalienation. He uses America as the epitome of a democratic society, while Europe and particularly England form the basis of aristocracy. He implicitly defines alienation through his analysis on the division of lords and serfs in England, â€Å"Men in an aristocratic society are irrevocably marshalled according to their profession, social standing, property and birth, they feel a deep sense of sympathy towardsShow MoreRelatedIs The Human Race?868 Words   |  4 Pagespositive cognition, Sigmund Freud, a neurologist and initiator of the concept of psychoanalysis, acquainted civilization as being something inadequate. Thus, civilization enables the human race to feel genuine happiness by outlawing actions that come instinctively by our individual psyche. Freud argues that the human race was born inherently savage, meaning that each individual has inborn instincts that make them barbaric. In his book, Civilization and Its Discontents, he states, â€Å"The element of truthRead MoreThe Human Race867 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of the human race has been filled with many motifs that have been repeatedly woven throughout the tapestry of human history. Yet there is one theme of mankind that is constant in many societies and civilizations that many people have overlooked as one of the necessary keys to the growth of humanity. Oppression. Oppression of humans has been an almost constant characteristic in many civilizations in almost every part of the Western world and at almost any time period. But as abhorrent andRead MoreThe Human Race Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesno peculiar, eccentric human being, but you are fully human. To be Christian means to be human.† Herman Bavinck This quote from Herman Bavinck was read to start the semester. It was intended to set the focus for the entire course, including the last few articles studied. Some ideas discussed from the last few articles assisted in the understanding of the quote, such as humans being made in the image of God, the plurality of the human race, the reverence of creation that humans are called to have, andRead MoreThe Is The Human Race?1029 Words   |  5 PagesWitches has always interested the human race. Be it that one is scared, interested or even thinks that they are right. All this started in the 15th century when Johannes Tinctor had these ideas and told others about them. I do not agree with what Johannes Tinctor is saying at all and his ideas and writing should be looked high of or even though of. This is because what he says about witches are a lie and it is all made up for another reason that he is not stating. This essay is being written in whateverRead MoreA Human Race885 Words   |  4 PagesAs a human race, we must learn how to sacrificially love. We have forgotten what it means to love without bounds, and our world has become self-indulgent because of it. Sacrificial love is not often seen in our society that reeks of self-centeredness. However, amid the individualistic chaos, there are few that still practice the ancient art of loving others deeply. To understand what sacrificial love is, one must know that it is not something that brings selfish comfort or self-indulgent entertainmentRead MoreThe Human Race Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesBonobos are the most closely relates species to the human race, yet the general public knows little about them. The minimal knowledge of these apes’ existence may be due to the fact that they inhabit only specific regions in the Congo, and are not naturally seen anywhere else in the world. Only in recent years have scientists and researchers even begun diving into their world, or unique behavior and psychology. Their collective importance to the eco system, interactions with one another, how theyRead MoreThe Human Race Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesWar and conflict have been a part of the human race since the beginning of recorded history. Even in the absence of physical war, there is always a competitive nature between opposing people and cultures to defeat the OTHERS and/or be a LEADER to other LESSER people. This is greatly contrasted by fact that we are also a very caring, nurturing and intelligent species. Over our history we have used our abilities to learn, discover and invent towards creating some amazing civilizations and continueRead MoreThe Human Race932 Words   |  4 PagesSince the beginning of time, the human race has always looked for improvement. We can think of some inventors and scientists like Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Albert Einstein, among others. These people have helped us to understand many mysteries of science, and also, they have contributed to have the technology we have today. Also, in education we have been working with new stuff every day. Every country has created a system of education to prepare students for life. We hav e included calculatorsRead MoreHuman Race And Human Population1443 Words   |  6 PagesModern humans began to develop nearly 200 000 years ago and ever since then populations of homosapiens have spread across the entire world. Almost every environment we as humans have come across has in time had to change to try and meet the needs of all the species that populate the earth together with the enormously increased human population. Sadly the human population covers over 80% of the earth’s surface with various activities constantly upsetting the natural habitat of species. The human raceRead MoreHuman Evolution And The Human Race Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesbeneficial and important to the human race, through a series of questionable morals and vast amounts of wrongdoings have created a situation of over-innovation, or innovating past the point of benefit. Though from a cynical perspective, it is vital that we question what we do. Are we doing what is truly best for ourselves, our planet, and our neighbors? Or are we striving so arduously that we have essentially skewed right from wrong, and found ourselves in a situation that humans have lost the sense of morals

Generation me Free Essays

We are the first generation surrounded by technology. We were the first to grow up with computers, smart phones and internet. Within two seconds of using our phones, we can get old of any information our little heart’s desire Just by typing words into Google. We will write a custom essay sample on Generation me or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are Millennial, also known as Generation Y. Born between the early asses to asses, our generation has much more confidence than the generation before us. We are smarter, confident and always connected. In fact, our generation is filled with smart adults who are open minded, hardworking and who set high goals or themselves. Since we are technology save. â€Å"y’ and opportunity driven, our chances in employment are greater. In our employer’s eyes, our generation has the ability to communicate: respond quicker to messages and emails. According to William J. Schroeder, principle of the accelerating, the members of the Generation Y are â€Å"immune to most traditional marketing and sales pitches† as we grew up with it and have been around it since are early years. The question than is, is Generation Y really connected or are we an entitled generation who can only connect with ourselves? We are entitled at work, self-interested and we waste all of our money. Generation Y does not top other generations due to technology. What kind of future do we see for ourselves? We view the world differently and in our own way, we see success as something we can Just apply for. We enter a workforce expecting to be managers and Coos by the end of the day. We do not see ourselves as entitled but the truth is we are. Our work expectations are unrealistic and the idea of working short hours and getting paid well is something we think should happen automatically. According to the article, â€Å"The trophy kids go to work,† â€Å"more than 85% of hiring managers and human-resource executives said they feel that millennial have a stronger sense of entitlement than older workers†. Robert Bogs, manager and administrator at Corinthian Colleges in Southern California worked with young adults under thirty on his staff. â€Å"They tend to be very self- absorbed; they value fun in their personal and their work life, because they’ve grown up multitasking on their mobile, pad and computer, I can’t expect them to work on one project for any amount of time without getting bored. Aid Mr.. Bogs. We spend the most of our day posting on Faceable, blobbing about our lunches and taking selfless while we are on the clock. Yet, we carry ourselves as hardworking, dedicated and loyal to our employers. When it comes to social media, the discussion is not a surprise. We millennial are addicted to social networking. Our self-image is very important to us, and we spend hours posting pictures and blobbing Just enough to get the most â€Å"likes. † â€Å"81% of Millennial are on Faceable, where their generation’s median friend count is 250, far higher than that of older age groups. â€Å"Millennial in Adulthood†). We cannot even remember what the world was like without Faceable and Mainstream. â€Å"Millennial are also distinctive in how they place themselves at the center of self-created digital networks. Fully 55% have posted a â€Å"selfless† on a social media site; no other generation is nearly as inclined to do this. † (â€Å"Millennial in Adulthood†). In all due fairness, we millennial grew up with technology around us and to be connected with the world is great. However, we forget what it is like to have a conversation face to face and make reined without pressing the â€Å"add friend† request button. When you’re face to face, you can’t control what you are going to say, and you don’t know how long it’s going to take or where it could go (Turtle). Turtle, author of â€Å"Alone Together†, asked young adults why they enjoyed text messaging over having face-to-face conversations. Turtle says: â€Å"Face-to-face interaction teaches ‘skills of negotiation’, of reading each other’s emotion, of having to face the complexity of confrontation, dealing with complex emotion. † We are missing out on an emotional connection when we connect o our phones and computers. Besides looking for the best places to work and hanging out with our phones, the gene Y is not the best when it comes to saving money. We simply waste it. Not thinking long term is the way of living for us millennial. We move out too early straight out of college, chasing fast money and not making the effort to save. We love spending our earnings on going out to eat instead of cooking, (l mean, who has the time to whip up three course meals every day? ), taking cabs instead of walking half a mile, unnecessary brand clothing items and of course coffee. The latest Pew Research rover found, â€Å"Fully half of Millennial (51 %) say they do not believe there will be any money for them in the Social Security system by the time they are ready to retire. † With all this said, we convince ourselves that all these things are necessary and as much we enjoy our Cataracts and other luxury things, we millennial don’t need them to survive. We millennial are living in the â€Å"right now’ and half of us are fighting the temptations of overspending. We are not thinking about our financial planning, but more of our social lives. We are the â€Å"next great generation† but what do we need o accomplish before we own this title? As a millennial myself, I believe if we stay focused on our careers, work hard towards our goals, spend less time obsessing over our Mainstream salad pictures, brunch menus and Friday night wine tasting, our generation can put ourselves into a long term fulfillment. In reality, if we want to achieve the lifestyle that we are dreaming about, we have many areas of opportunities for improvement. As Millennial we are still growing and learning, and with more hard work, we can potentially be the best generation. How to cite Generation me, Papers

Frito_Lay Case free essay sample

Frito-Lay was the largest manufacturer of salty snacks in the United States. With 27,000 employees and sales of $2. 053billion in 1982, it was the only full-line salty snack manufacturer distributing its product nationwide. Before the Motor Carrier Act of 1980, companies with private trucking fleets are generally prohibited from selling transportation services to other companies. Deregulation of the trucking industry in 1980 allowed private operators to provide transport services for hire. In 1983, as part of efforts to offset the increased costs of distribution, Frito-Lay considering selling your miles on other bands transports companies. Frito-Lay, management should consider the potential revenue from these services ensures possible degradation of service for sales of Frito-Lay. If the proposal is approved by the transport, marketing plan for transport services should be developed. (Hammond) Frito-Lay has a great company and a great way of taking care of things such as its logistics network. Frito-Lay logistics defined its mission â€Å"to deliver the right product, to the right place, at the right time, in the right amount, in a cost-effective manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Frito_Lay Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The logistics role was to provide a bridge between manufacturing sales, distributing the product from plants and regional warehouses to sales distribution centers and bins. Logistics’ responsibility for finished goods ended at sales distribution centers and bins. There are changes taking place both in the environment in which Frito-Lay operates externally and within the company itself internally. The changes that took place in the environment in which Frito-Lay operates externally are the growth in the salty snack market, costs rising, and a decrease in industry growth. These are three big changes in external environment of the company. Costs are rising due to the huge growth in the salty snack market. There is such a high demand for salty snacks that Frito-Lay is spending more money to make more money. The Internal changes that take place in Frito-Lay are the rising costs, the backhaul proposal and the use of Frito-Lay’s private fleet and third-party carriers. Again, these are three huge changes in the internal part of the company. The biggest change of all and main point of this case is the backhaul proposal, which consists of many pros and cons. When talking about the backhaul proposal there are only two ways to look at the situation, you love it or you hate it. The pros of the backhaul proposal consist of helping other companies, additional revenue, rise in income, and rise in net revenue, obtain property-broker certification, eliminate third-party broker, create jobs, and reduced traffic centers. Frito-Lay can help other companies by helping them ship for a low price using Frito-Lay trucks. This proposal greatly helps Frito-Lay because it adds additional, a rise in potential income to $15million and a rise in net revenue from $7million-$9million. The company’s goal in the backhaul proposal is to obtain property-broker certification and eliminate third-party brokers. Also, in implementing the backhaul it could create jobs and also reduce traffic centers in the company. The cons of the backhaul proposal in my opinion weigh more than the pros. The cons consist of sales, timely delivery of product to distribution centers and bins, interferes with the removal of KDs, service, reduce number of trailers and length of time each was available to be loaded, contamination of company equipment, increase in theft, drivers are not on board, more time away from home. Sales were strongly opposed to any activities that might compromise service to sale. There could be issues with timely delivery of product to distribution centers and bins. The sales people worried that the backhaul program interferes with the removal of KDs, many of which were nearing capacity as the number of Frito-Lay products increased. This program reduces the number of trailers and also the length of time needed to load each trailer. By adding more products to ship you must do things faster to keep on schedule. A huge con in this program is contamination of company equipment, agricultural products might harbor rodents and insects that could infest the trailers and harm Frito-Lay goods. Another huge con is there could be an increase in theft depending on what the trucks are shipping. The trucks could be shipping items such as electronics, tobacco, or alcohol. I feel that Frito-Lay should come up with some type of insurance policy so that they are not held reliable if something happens to other companies products. The drivers will also most likely not be on board with this program because it keeps them away from home longer and worker harder and longer. There are strengths and weaknesses of the service offering from a customer’s perspective. The strengths are potential savings because Frito-Lay trucks must always drive back to their original distribution center, so they can offer low prices to ship other company’s products. Also, fuel costs go up because of weight, but with the amount of money that they will make shipping other companies products, the price of fuel would not even be a factor. Strength is that companies that are looking to ship low weight low cost goods for a low price, they could us the backhaul program. The weaknesses are that Frito-Lay is not a 3 party logistics, so cannot offer things that a 3 party logistics company could offer to a customer. Frito-Lay does not have the capacity or resources to take control of inbound logistics. They do not have the trucks or man power to go out and get all of their raw materials and still have enough trucks and man power to distribute products. The annual savings of the current KD program is about $23million per year. Other possible ways of saving would be to develop a container that lasts more than 4. 7 times or find disposable containers for less than 10cents each. Utilizing space is 50%, you can use the back haul to get to 100% filling it on the way back from your destination would be the optimization. In my opinion there are many more cons than pros and that is why I do not support the backhaul proposal decision. When all is said and done I feel that the backhaul proposal is a bad idea and I strongly disagree with it. Yes, Frito-Lay will make more money, but the cons drastically out-weight the pros. The truck drivers are the ones that have to take the biggest hit in this program. They are doing more work for the same amount of pay and that is just not fair to them. They will eventually demand more money. Another big factor in why this is a bad idea because Frito-Lay saves large amounts of money on their KDs and if there is no room for these empty containers, they are forced to use more containers hence wasting more money. Also, as I stated before depending on what type of products the Frito-Lay trucks will be carrying, if the trucks were to get things stolen from the truck, this act could damage the face of the company and nobody would ship through them if thing kept getting stolen from their trucks. Frito-Lay makes plenty of money and they are just trying to find ways to make more and they are getting very greedy. I believe that Frito-Lay should stay away from this backhaul program to keep its employees and its customers happy. The only benefit from this program is making more money and keeping top management happy, but if they employees and customers are not happy, then most likely the company would not function to its full efficiency.

Ariba Implementation at MED X Managing Earned Value Essay Example

Ariba Implementation at MED X: Managing Earned Value Essay It is estimated that implementation of the Arabia e-procurement system will save the company $200 million annually and also reduce spending streamline the recurrent process and expedite user adoption. An additional benefit of the project is going to be nationwide compliance with negotiated agreements, maximizing the companys purchasing power and reducing processing costs and cycle times. The implementation will also allow tracking of purchasing behavior and retrieval of historical information and help MED-X realize a significant return on investment. The project plan involves rolling out Arabia Buyer 7. 0 to establish an enterprise-wide e-procurement solution and support System by first rolling out a common baseline solution to 250 people t the home office by October 1 . Critical success factors for the project include a plan for organizational change effectiveness, quick resolution for business decisions affecting policy and establishment of clearly defined project objectives. Another critical factor is to understand MED-Axs business to business (BIB) strategy and its current BIB projects underway. It is end of September and CIO has been told that the project cannot be finished on time. This project has ;o critical paths Technical Infrastructure Plan and Software Customization plan. The Technical Infrastructure plan is over budget and behind schedule. The project manager does not understand why the project is delayed given that the overall project progress shows that the project is on schedule and under budget so far. Since both activities are equally critical the project success, a delay in either one will delay the entire project. We will write a custom essay sample on Ariba Implementation at MED X: Managing Earned Value specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ariba Implementation at MED X: Managing Earned Value specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ariba Implementation at MED X: Managing Earned Value specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A separate earned value analysis of the individual plans showed us that the Software Customization plan is ahead of schedule and under budget and is, therefore, overshadowing the fact that the Technical Infrastructure Lana is not performing well and is delayed and over-budget. The project is actually delayed by 9 days at the current time. Our teams recommendation is that Chris either ask the management for an extension on the project or request 5 extra workers to be able to finish the project on time. Statement Of the Problem When managing a project, one might easily focus on the whole process and ignore important details necessary for project completion. Any unexpected delay in critical activities can harm the planned schedule and cause delays of certain tasks and even the entire project. As a result, many project managers utilize the Earned Value Method as a tool to keep their projects on track. Terry Baker, CIO of MED-X Inc. Never found anything wrong with the project while reviewing the budget variance and combined earned value reports; hence her surprise when she was informed that the project will not be delivered on time. Martin, the project manager for this project is an expert in technical development, with very little experience in Earned Value Method. Our purpose is to help Martin find out which components are underperforming according to the plan, and make recommendations to avoid the same mistake from happening again. The key tasks are to review the budget and earned value data for each task and figure what can be done to finish the project on time. We will also discuss the different options available to MED-X Inc. For this project. Background All discussions about this analysis are based on a case from Kellogg School of Management: Arabia Implementation at MED-X: managing Earned Value. The main idea and strategy is using Earned Value Management Method to solve problem stated in the case. Most of the background knowledge comes from case itself while our solution is mainly based on the technologies of cost control which are introduced during lecture 4 by Professor Jose. By determining if cost (AC), schedule (UP), and work accomplished (EVE) are progressing as planned, we created an integrated performance report which uses consistent, numerical indicators (like C.V., SF, ICP, SIP, etc. ) to evaluate Arabia Implementation project and compare its process with the estimated plan. Methodology In this case, we need to investigate the status of the MED-X implementation project. The method we adopt is FEM., Earned Value Management. Earned Value Management is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress. We measure the project performance not only as a whole, but also by performance of its components. We used UP (planned Value), AC (actual cost), and EVE (earned value) to calculate SIP (schedule performance index), SF (schedule variance), ICP (cost performance index), and C.V. (cost variance). Among these indicators, SIP and SF show whether a project is behind schedule or not, and ICP and C.V. indicate whether a project is under budget. Therefore, the statuses of the schedule and cost of technical infrastructure, software customization, and combined projects can be easily and clearly checked, respectively. MS Excel is the main software we used in this analysis, and all the information came from the case. Result In order to understand why the project could not be delivered on time, we did an earned value management exercise as shown in the tables below. First We decided to focus on the technical infrastructure and software customization components of the project because they were on the critical path. Table 1 2 low summarized the earned value exercise for the technical infrastructure and the software customization portion of the project respectively. As you can see in table 1 , the technical infrastructure component of the project is underperforming compared to the software customization. The cost variance (C.V.) and schedule variance (SF) for the technical infrastructure are both negative: C.V. is which indicate that it is over budget and SF is which indicate that it is behind schedule. This can be confirmed by the fact that both the cost performance index (ICP) and schedule performance index (SIP) are under 1 Table 1: Earned value activity for the technical infrastructure component of the project On the other hand, when looking at table 2, we realize that the software customization component of the project is well ahead of schedule and under budget. The cost variance and schedule variance are both positive, C.V. is $1 59,250 and the SF is $1 17,250. This is confirmed by the fact that the calculated cost performance index and schedule performance index are above 1 Table 2: Earned value activity for the software customization component of the project After doing the analysis for the separate components of the reject, we decided to do the earned value exercise for the combined components (table 3) in order to understand the surprise reaction of the CIO Terry Baker when she discovered that the project could not be delivered on time. When looking at the earned value analysis for the combined critical component in the project, the project appears to be on track to be delivered on time. According to table 3, the calculated cost variance (C.V.) and schedule variance (SF) for the combined projects are both positive, which indicate that the project should be ahead of schedule and under budget. Those conclusion re supported by the Schedule Performance Index (SIP) and Cost Performance Index (Cup) value being above 1; confirming that the project should be delivered on time or even before the due date. Table 3: Earned value analysis for combined projects After the analysis of the two activities both separate and together, we determined that it will take an extra 9 days to complete the project as calculated in the table 4 below. We calculated the percent completion for the technical infrastructure component of the project using the rolling earned value and estimated budget at completion for September (5 months). We hen calculated the needed time to complete 100% of the activities and deducted the extra time needed assuming 30 days in a month. Table 4: Extra time needed to complete the technical infrastructure part of the project Conclusions and recommendations In general, based on the combined rolling ratios, the MED-X implementation project was not out of control and was performing well on the whole. According to the overall results, it was still under budget and ahead of schedule. However, when our team examined the components in details, we found that the technical infrastructure setup was the main reason that undistributed to delaying and over-budgeting in terms of its negative schedule variance (SF) and cost variance (C.V.). The project completion at the time was 97. 22% and still needed extra 9 days to complete their objectives. Moreover, the control ratio (CRY) less than one also implies the underperforming of technical infrastructure component in the project. In spite of knowing the standard implementation technology earned value analysis template, to figure out what was going wrong, Martin should have kept checking the individual earned value in detail so that he could monitor which components or activities) had exactly influenced or delayed the project and had immediate reactions toward the problems. For instance, he could have put more resources on the underperforming components right as soon as the initial problems appeared. To prevent this from happening Martin and his team should have implemented the following measures in the earlier phase Of the project: 1) managed workflow with reviews and approval Of project deliverables, including milestones 2) focused more on project issues/risk management, and 3) designed FAME early and consistently in the placement cycle so that his team could identify actions to mitigate the potential failures. What should Martin do going forward? Our team suggests that he ask for an extension or discuss the project scope with the CIO to determine whether there can be some compromises as a remedy. Otherwise, to meet the completion date, Martin can ask for more resources. For instance, our team assumes that 4. 5 current staffers were involved in the technical infrastructure setup component (as shown in exhibit 4). Five extra full time workers will be needed in order to complete the project on time.

Free Essays on James Madison

James Madison was perhaps the hardest working & most widely respected man of his day. Commonly hailed as the Father of our Constitution, Madison had more to do with its Conception than did any other man. A strong Republican, he was later elected President of the United States. Born in to an aristocratic family in Port Conway, Virginia, he was the eldest of 12 children. He entered the College of New Jersey in 1769. He graduated in 1771, Completing a four-year degree in two years. He then studied theology, history, & law, both at The college & on his own. His public career began in 1774 when he was appointed a member Of the King George County Committee for Public Safety in Virginia at the age of 23. Madison spent the rest of his life in service to his nation. He was a member of the Virginia constitutional committee. Madison supported religious toleration for the separation of church & state. In this work he found a life-long partner & friend in Thomas Jefferson. In 1779 Madison was elected to represent the state of Virginia to the Continental Congress. Washington & Madison organized the Alexandria Conference in order to settle commercial dispute between Virginia & Maryland concerning the Potomac River. The conference was a great success. When the Maryland suggested to include representatives from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, & Virginia in order to uniform the commercial system, Madison saw a larger possibility for scheme. He felt that a meeting of all the states should follow in order to explore all concerns & to amend the Articles of Confederation. The Annapolis Convention met in 1786 with a lot of arguing & little result. Only five states attended.They later persuaded the Continental Congress to modify the Articles of Confederation. This became the Constitutional Convention, & though George Washington was appointed by Virginia, James Madison wo... Free Essays on James Madison Free Essays on James Madison James Madison was perhaps the hardest working & most widely respected man of his day. Commonly hailed as the Father of our Constitution, Madison had more to do with its Conception than did any other man. A strong Republican, he was later elected President of the United States. Born in to an aristocratic family in Port Conway, Virginia, he was the eldest of 12 children. He entered the College of New Jersey in 1769. He graduated in 1771, Completing a four-year degree in two years. He then studied theology, history, & law, both at The college & on his own. His public career began in 1774 when he was appointed a member Of the King George County Committee for Public Safety in Virginia at the age of 23. Madison spent the rest of his life in service to his nation. He was a member of the Virginia constitutional committee. Madison supported religious toleration for the separation of church & state. In this work he found a life-long partner & friend in Thomas Jefferson. In 1779 Madison was elected to represent the state of Virginia to the Continental Congress. Washington & Madison organized the Alexandria Conference in order to settle commercial dispute between Virginia & Maryland concerning the Potomac River. The conference was a great success. When the Maryland suggested to include representatives from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, & Virginia in order to uniform the commercial system, Madison saw a larger possibility for scheme. He felt that a meeting of all the states should follow in order to explore all concerns & to amend the Articles of Confederation. The Annapolis Convention met in 1786 with a lot of arguing & little result. Only five states attended.They later persuaded the Continental Congress to modify the Articles of Confederation. This became the Constitutional Convention, & though George Washington was appointed by Virginia, James Madison wo...

The Impact Of Technology On Modern Warfare Research Proposal

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Study On Hand Hygiene In Optometry Nursing Essay

Study On Hand Hygiene In Optometry Nursing Essay Hand hygiene is a term used to describe any act of hand cleansing. There are various methods of decontamination each with their own level of efficacy (Lucet et al., 2002; Kampf, Là ¶ffler and Gastmeier, 2009). It is an essential practice among health care workers (HCWs) to prevent the transmission of microorganisms and spread of nosocomial infections in a clinical setting. Despite this knowledge, compliance among HCWs remains low averaging 40% which increases the risk of patients contracting hospital acquired infections (Boyce and Pittet, 2002). The World Health Organisation (2005) recognise hospital acquired infections as being a major cause of death and mortality in hospital bound patients, averaging 5000 deaths a year in England. Improving hand hygiene practice among HCWs is the cornerstone in reducing nosocomial infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcis aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile (C. diff.). However, implementing this change in behaviour is complex and difficult to achieve. An integral factor for improved hand hygiene compliance relies on HCWs educational training and the introduction of motivational programmes designed specifically to influence behaviour. Monitoring and encouragement will be necessary for these procedures to be successful (Boyce, 2008; Saint et al., 2009). 1.2 Hand hygiene in Optometry There is an apparent lack of research into hand hygiene practice in a primary and community care setting; optometric practice included. Currently there are no evidence based studies directly linked with Optometry to support the recommended guidelines set out by The College of Optometrists. Instead these guidelines are based on expert opinion with little conclusive evidence of efficacy in primary care. The importance of effective hand hygiene in the prevention and control of infection is stressed. They have adopted recommendations set by The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2003), which are for the use of professionals in primary and community care. A minimum standard of hand hygiene practice would be to decontaminate hands before each and every episode of patient contact and after any procedure or contact that would cause hands to become contaminated. The College of Optometrists (2009) expand upon this stipulating that there is no set regularity in hand was hing episodes and that instead it should be adhered to in circumstances such as contact lens insertion and removal, after going to the toilet, when hands appear visibly unclean, before and after contact with ocular surfaces or the adnexa, before and after administering topical ointments or drops, after any possible microbial contamination, after handling soiled or contaminated materials and before wearing and after removing gloves. Furthermore, an instruction of appropriate hand hygiene technique in clinical practice is suggested: Wet hands under running water. Dispense soap/antiseptic into cupped hand (N.B. bar soap should not be used). Rub hands vigorously and thoroughly for 10-15 seconds without adding more water. Ensure all surfaces of the hands are covered. Rinse hands thoroughly under warm running water. Dry hands with a disposable paper towel. The use of non disposable towels is not good practice. Advisory recommendations for optometrists regarding hand hygiene in the community setting remains at a robust level. To improve standards, further research must be conducted as it is widely regarded that sound clinical practice requires conclusive clinical evidence (Smith, 2009). Optometrists in a primary care setting could benefit from adopting higher standards of hygiene expected in hospital environments. 1.3 Hand hygiene guidelines and technique Due to the clinical and economic implications of health-care associated infection the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have formulated guidelines to promote improved hand hygiene adherence among health care workers (Boyce and Pittet, 2002; Pittet, Allegranzi and Boyce, 2009; Sax et al., 2009). These guidelines include specific indications for hand washing and hand antisepsis episodes. A detailed description of appropriate hand hygiene technique is also included. The recommendations are categorised on the basis of published scientific data, theoretical knowledge, applicability in a clinical setting and economic involvement. The CDC/HICPAC created a system for categorising hand hygiene recommendations. These categories are shown in Table 1 Table 1 showing the CDC/ HICPAC categorisation of guidelines (Boyce and Pittet, 2002) Category Criteria IA Strongly recommended for implementation and strongly supported by well-designed experimental, clinical or epidemiologic studies IB Strongly recommended for implementation and strongly supported by certain experimental, clinical, or epidemiologic studies and a strong theoretical rationale. IC Required for implementation, as mandated by federal or state regulation or standard II Suggested for implementation and supported by suggestive clinical or epidemiological studies or a theoretical rationale or a consensus by a panel of experts. No recommendation Unresolved issue. Practices for which insufficient evidence or no concensus regarding efficicacy exist. Sections 1, 2 and 6 of the CDC/HICPAC recommendations advise specifically on handwashing and hand antisepsis indications, hand-hygiene technique and other aspects of hand hygiene. Each guideline is given a classification category relevant to Table 1. These recommendations are as follows: 1. Indications for handwashing and hand antisepsis A. When hands are visibly dirty or contaminated with proteinaceous material or are visibly soiled with blood or other body fluids, wash hands with either a nonantimicrobial soap and water or an antimicrobial soap and water (IA). B. If hands are not visibly soiled, use an alcohol-based hand rub for routinely decontaminating hands in all other clinical situations described in items 1C-J (IA). Alternatively, wash hands with an antimicrobial soap and water in all clinical situations described in items1C-J (IB). C. Decontaminate hands before having direct contact with patients (IB). D. Decontaminate hands before donning sterile gloves when inserting a central intravascular catheter (IB). E. Decontaminate hands before inserting urinary catheters, peripheral vascular catheters, or other invasive devices that do not require a surgical procedure (IB). F. Decontaminate hands after contact with a patients intact skin (e.g., when taking a pulse or blood pressure, and lifting a patient) (IB). G. Decontaminate hands after contact with body fluids or excretions, mucous membranes, nonintact skin, and wound dressings if hands are not visibly soiled (IA). H. Decontaminate hands if moving from a contaminated-body site to a clean-body site during patient care (II. I. Decontaminate hands after contact with inanimate objects (including medical equipment) in the immediate vicinity of the patient (II). J. Decontaminate hands after removing gloves (IB). K. Before eating and after using a restroom, wash hands with a non-antimicrobial soap and water or with an antimicrobial soap and water (IB). L. Antimicrobial-impregnated wipes (i.e., towelettes) may be considered as an alternative to washing hands with non-antimicrobial soap and water. Because they are not as effective as alcohol-based hand rubs or washing hands with an antimicrobial soap and water for reducing bacterial counts on the hands of HCWs, they are not a substitute for using an alcohol-based hand rub or antimicrobial soap (IB). M. Wash hands with non-antimicrobial soap and water or with antimicrobial soap and water if exposure to Bacillus anthracis is suspected or proven. The physical action of washing and rinsing hands under such circumstances is recommended because alcohols, chlorhexidine, iodophors, and other antiseptic agents have poor activity against spores (II). N. No recommendation can be made regarding the routine use of nonalcohol-based hand rubs for hand hygiene in health-care settings.(Unresolved issue). 2. Hand-hygiene technique A. When decontaminating hands with an alcohol-based hand rub, apply product to palm of one hand and rub hands together, covering all surfaces of hands and fingers, until hands are dry (IB). Follow the manufacturers recommendations regarding the volume of product to use. B. When washing hands with soap and water, wet hands first with water, apply an amount of product recommended by the manufacturer to hands, and rub hands together vigorously for at least 15 seconds, covering all surfaces of the hands and fingers. Rinse hands with water and dry thoroughly with a disposable towel. Use towel to turn off the faucet (IB). Avoid using hot water, because repeated exposure to hot water may increase the risk of dermatitis (IB). C. Liquid, bar, leaflet or powdered forms of plain soap are acceptable when washing hands with a nonantimicrobial soap and water. When bar soap is used, soap racks that facilitate drainage and small bars of soap should be used (II). D. Multiple-use cloth towels of the hanging or roll type are not recommended for use in health-care settings (II). 6. Other Aspects of Hand Hygiene A. Do not wear artificial fingernails or extenders when having direct contact with patients at high risk (e.g., those in intensive-care units or operating rooms) (IA). B. Keep natural nails tips less than 1/4-inch long (II). C. Wear gloves when contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials, mucous membranes, and nonintact skin could occur (IC). D. Remove gloves after caring for a patient. Do not wear the same pair of gloves for the care of more than one patient, and do not was gloves between uses with different patients (IB). E. Change gloves during patient care if moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site (II). F. No recommendation can be made regarding wearing rings in health-care settings. Unresolved issue. These guidelines were developed for the use of health care professionals in a clinical setting and were not specifically designed with optometric practice in mind. However, many of these recommendations remain highly relevant when adopted to an optometric environment and are strongly supported by The College of Optometrists. The World Health Organisation have extended the recommendations on hand-hygiene technique and produced a visual publication poster detailing the hand hygiene technique for use with alcohol-based formulations and the handwashing technique for use with soap and water. These are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. Figure 1 showing recommended hand hygiene technique with an alcohol-based formulation (World Health Organisation 2006) ***online access reference 2 Figure 2 showing recommended handwashing technique using soap and water (World Health Organisation 2006) **online access reference 1.4 Hand hygiene practices among health care workers Hand hygiene practice among health care workers is poor with many observational studies reporting low compliance rates in a number of indicative areas. Hence, understanding current trends among health care workers is critical in planning and implementing the necessary modification in behaviour (Allegranzi and Pittet, 2009). Hand hygiene adherence can be investigated over a range of parameters such as duration spent cleansing or disinfecting, frequency of hand washing episodes over a given time and observing the variations in performance with regard to clinical setting, physician status and gender (Boyce and Pittet, 2002). Employing the appropriate hand hygiene technique is essential. Consider the situation in which hand hygiene episodes per hour compliance is high. If insufficient hand hygiene technique is being performed e.g. inadequate coverage of hand surfaces and a short cleansing time, then the overall standard of compliance will decrease. This confirms that hand hygiene practic es among health care practitioners involves both multimodal strategies and multidisciplinary approaches to improve adherence (Pittet, 2001; Dierssen-Sotos et al., 2009). Multiple factors are associated with the suboptimal hand hygiene performance among health care practitioners and they vary in relation to resources available and the setting involved. For example, the lack of appropriate infrastructure, equipment and materials will hinder good hand hygiene practice, the cultural background and perhaps even religious beliefs can also affect performance (Ahmed et al., 2006; Allegranzi et al., 2009). The most commonly reported causes of poor hand hygiene compliance are: (i) physician or nursing status, (ii) clinical care setting e.g. ICU, AE, surgery units (iii) understaffing and overcrowding (iv) male (rather than female) gender and (v) inaccessible hand hygiene supplies (Pittet, 2000). (Erasmus et al., 2010) conducted a systematic literature review of studies based on observed or self-reported hand hygiene compliance rates in hospital practice, mainly intensive care units. The median compliance rate was low at 40%. Physician status was found to be a factor affecting adherence, lower among doctors (32%) than nurses (48%). In general, a lower compliance rate was found in physicians reporting a high level of activity in clinical practice. Compliance rates improved in situations whereby physicians or nurses associated the task as being visibly dirty or unhygienic, alcohol-based hand rubs or gels were available, feedback performance was introduced and when materials and facilities were easily accessible. Hand hygiene compliance among optometric practitioners is an area yet to be investigated. Opticians are encouraged to follow the recommended guidelines set by organisational bodies such as the World Health Organisation and The College of Optometrists. 1.5 Hand hygiene behaviour Hand hygiene behaviour can be investigated in relation to factors such as social cognitive determinants. A number of situations trigger a hand cleansing episode to occur and therefore affect compliance e.g. knowledge and perception of the risks associated with cross contamination, social expectations for adequate hygiene, self evaluation of the perceived advantages against the existing hindrances and the initial motivation to perform the hand hygiene action (Pittet, 2004; Whitby et al., 2007). This cognitive behavioural response falls into two categories (Whitby, McLaws and Ross, 2006). Inherent hand hygiene behaviour arises in circumstances when individuals deem hands to be visibly soiled, sticky or gritty. This type of intrinsic hand washing behaviour is initiated when a task is recognised as being unhygienic or has a potential risk factor involved to the individual concerned. The other component of hand hygiene behaviour is denoted as elective hand hygiene behaviour. This type of behaviour is represented in situations such as tactile social contact e.g. shaking hands to greet someone. This will not induce a response for many individuals to wash their hands and instead it becomes an elective response. Similarly, health care workers may partake in non-invasive impersonal contact with patients when taking pulses or touching inanimate objects in their surroundings. This type of social contact is not perceived to be a danger and does not drive a hand cleansing episode to take place. Instead an elective response has to be made. However, hand cleansing or disinfection after such contact in a hospital setting is crucial, because failure to do so may lead to microbial hand contamination, with the increased risk of cross-infection. 1.6 Relation of hand hygiene with the acquisition of nosocomial infections Hand hygiene reduces the transmission of microbial contamination and the spread of health-care associated pathogens from one patient to another via the hands of health care workers (Pessoa-Silva et al., 2007; Pittet et al., 2007; Allegranzi et al., 2010). Hand hygiene is the cornerstone in securing adequate patient safety. Failure to comply with this standard prolongs duration of hospitalisation, causes unnecessary suffering, increases costs as well as mortality rates (World Health Organisation, 2009). Thus, to raise awareness and combat the problem of health care associated infections, (Sax et al., 2007) produced an evidence-based, user-centred design to promote improved hand hygiene adherence termed My Five Moments for Hand Hygiene, shown in Fig.3. This highlights the five most common routes of transmission which HCWs are exposed to in daily clinical practice. The model is based on the World Health Organisations hand hygiene guidelines. It recommends hand washing episodes to occur before touching a patient, before clean/aseptic procedures, after a body fluid exposure risk, after patient contact and after touching patient surroundings. Although designed specifically for HCWs in a clinical setting, this model could be adopted for use in community practice to include an optometric environment. Optometrists should be aware of the risks of cross contamination and demonstrate an understanding of appropriate infection control methods (Lakkis et al., 2007). Figure 3- My 5 moments for hand hygiene model 1.7 Infection control in optometry Modern optometric practitioners are offering an expanding area of services and care with regards to the treatment and management of eye diseases and eye injuries. Therefore, more specialised procedures and techniques are being carried out in the primary care setting which have the potential to spread infection and disease via blood borne and air borne transmission. Hence, practitioners have an obligation to carry out adequate infection control measures to ensure a high standard of patient safety and protection (Tyhurst and Hettler, 2009). The majority of optometric procedures are considered low risk for the spread of disease and infection. However, in a few occasions the risk increases e.g. when instruments come in direct contact with an infected patient and when blood, cuts or abrasions are exposed (AOA Primary Care and Ocular Disease Committee, (1993). Other procedures which have the potential for infection include the collection of eye culture samples, foreign body removal, contac t lens fitting, lacrimal lavage and the treatment of patients exhibiting ocular trauma. 1.7.1 Hand hygiene and protective barriers to infection A basic measure of infection control begins with effective hand hygiene. Many eye diseases and infections are spread manually, and it is the responsibility of the optometrist to minimise this transmission to patients by adhering to appropriate hand washing techniques before and after examinations and procedures. Appropriate hand hygiene technique refers to the standard described in section 1.2. In addition, the use of protective barriers such as disposable medical gloves, gowns, masks and protective eyewear has been suggested in specialised circumstances as a precautionary control to minimise the transmission of microorganisms (Lakkis et al., 2007). 1.7.2 HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Diseases can be spread by direct contact between individuals, via blood or other bodily fluids and as a result of airborne transmission. Considerable awareness has been directed towards the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the Hepatitis B and C viruses, (HBV) and (HBC). HIV has been isolated from tears, contact lenses and ocular tissues, but there is no evidence to support transmission of the disease through these medians (Cantrill et al., 1988; Tillman, Klotz and Maino, 1992). Studies have reported the detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen in tears and aqueous humour, suggesting that optometrists must take all necessary precautions in clinical practice (Temel, Seber and Gunay, 1990; Tsai et al., 2009). Although these are areas of concern, the risk of transmission in an optometric setting is remote. 1.7.3 Influenza A (H1N1) virus In 2009, the emergence of the influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans has led to the first global pandemic in 41 years. It is more commonly referred to as swine flu and is made up of porcine, avian and human genes. Although a potentially fatal disease, the mortality rate is expected to be less than previously known influenza pandemics and is more likely to cause harm to young people and individuals with compromised health (CDC 2009). In order to contain the spread of this infection, health care personnel were advised to heighten infection control measures. (Kiely et al., 2009) discussed specific infection control guidelines applicable in an optometric environment. A basic measure of infection control begins with frequent handwashing. Due to the close proximity to patients throughout the eye examination, in a more extreme guideline, it was recommended that optometrists should wear personal protective equipment such as surgical masks, goggles, gowns and gloves when treating a suspected infe ctious individual. It was indicated that influenza A (H1N1) should be treated like any other form of influenza. 1.7.4 Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease The theoretical transmission of prions, implicated in Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (CJD) and variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCJD) is an area of concern in optometric practice (Lakkis et al., 2007). These diseases are degenerative neurological conditions that are incurable and invariably fatal. Reusing ophthalmic devices such as RGP trial lenses and contact tonometer heads has been identified as a possible risk factor in spreading this disease from one patient to another but has been described as highly improbable (Armstrong, 2006). 1.7.5 Summary of infection control in optometric practice Due to the potential risk factors in an optometric environment, practitioners must abide by the recommended guidelines in order to control the spread of infection and disease. Lack of motivation and insufficient knowledge of expected protocol will lead to non-compliance among optometrists. Hence eye care personnel are advised to develop and implement a suitable infection control policy within practice (Seewoodhary and Stevens, 1999; Stevens, 2008). 2.0 Aim The purpose of this survey was to examine the typical hand hygiene practice among optometrists in a primary care setting. It investigates the level of compliance among practitioners to include the type of hand products used, hand hygiene technique and the hand hygiene facilities available in various optometric environments. 3. 0 Method 3.1 Survey design In order to determine the role of hand hygiene in optometric practice, a questionnaire was designed to gain an insight into hand hygiene product use, hand hygiene technique, facilities and general compliance among practitioners. The questionnaire was split up into three sections, All About You, Facilities and Hand Hygiene Technique. It consisted of 28 questions, the majority being mandatory to answer. The format of questions was either on a yes-no basis, multiple choice, tick box and rating of answers using a scale based response. Questions were designed on the basis of international guidelines regarding hand hygiene. A detailed literature review was conducted to ascertain appropriate hand hygiene technique, hand hygiene facilities and reported barriers to hand washing. The questions from the survey are shown in the Appendix. 3.2 Survey circulation The questionnaire was launched using Bristol Online Surveys. This is a site used by over 200 UK organisations in order to develop, distribute and analyse web-based surveys. It was sent to volunteers via e-mail using a webpage link. 3.3 Volunteers A total of 124 individuals responded to the survey which included optometrists working in university, hospital, multiple, franchise and independent optometric practice around the UK. If an individual worked in a combination of practices, they were instructed to answer questions based on the place they worked most of the time. All participants were asked to answer honestly as the survey would remain anonymous. 3.3 Survey analysis Results were recorded online within the Bristol Online Surveys (BOS) site. Key features of the BOS results section included the option of statistical investigation, cross tabulation of answers, looking at individual responses and the export of data to a spreadsheet document on Microsoft Excel. The data was analysed and arranged into a variety of tables, graphs and pie charts for easier interpretation of results. 4.0 Results 4.1 All about you A total of 124 optometric practitioners took part in the study. An almost even distribution of gender was found totalling 61 males and 63 females, with an average age  ± SD of 41.4  ± 15.5. The majority of individuals who responded to the questionnaire were Cardiff University graduates totalling 26%, followed by City University, Aston University , The University of Bradford , The University of Manchester and Glasgow Caledonian. The remaining sector of individuals were grouped in the category other and included graduates from Auckland University, Bradford College, Dublin Institute of Technology, Northampton Polytechnic, Rand Afrikaans University, Southern College of Optometry, University of Durban and the University of Ulster. This is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. University attended by each participant The number of years qualified as an optometrist was investigated and is shown in Fig. 5. Most respondents have been qualified for 21-30 years, followed by participants who have been practicing for less than 5 years. A small minority of individuals have been qualified for more than 40 years. Figure 5. Years qualified as an optometrist Over half of respondents work in independent practice, with a smaller proportion working in a variety of practices such as multiples, hospital based settings, a combination of practices and franchises. The minority fall into the category named other e.g. domiciliary practitioners, retired optometrists and University based optometrists who no longer practice. This is shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6. Type of practice participants work in Figure 7. Gender related response regarding hand washing or disinfection between each patient episode Fig. 7 illustrates that more females than males wash or disinfect hands between each patient episode. 71.1% of the male and female optometrists who wash or disinfect hands between each patient episode, do so in front of the client. Table 2. Reasons for not washing or disinfecting hands between each patient episode Reasons Male response as a % Female response as a % Busy clinic 24 57 Forget 20 43 Unnecessary 48 76 Lack of facilities 4 5 Sore skin 8 19 Other 12 14 Practitioners who do not wash or disinfect hands between each patient episode (25 males and 21 females) were asked their reasons for not doing so. More than one answer could be selected and is shown in table 2. The majority of these individuals deemed hand washing or disinfection an unnecessary practise. Twice as many females compared to males report that the busy clinic prevents such behaviour occurring, they forget or blame sore skin as reasons for not washing hand between each patient episode. Refer to Table 3 for Other responses. Table 3. Other reasons for not washing or disinfecting between each patient episode Other responses from optometric practitioners: Never been part of routine Was never stressed during University or Pre-reg Only recently became an issue Wash hands for each contact lens patient, but not all refraction patients Hand wash during the appointment and not between Figure 8. Practitioner response as a percentage regarding patient greeting with a handshake Fig. 8 illustrates that just under half of respondents do not greet patients with a handshake. The remaining individuals answered yes or sometimes to this form of patient contact. 39.5% of male optometrists and 44% of female optometrists who greet patients with a handshake, wash or disinfect their hands after this contact. Figure 9. Satisfaction of hand hygiene practises The vast majority of individuals have a high level of satisfaction with the hand hygiene practices currently employed at the practice where they work. Collectively, 8.9% of individuals are fairly unsatisfied or unsatisfied with current hand hygiene practises. Results are illustrated in Fig. 9. 4.2 Practice facilities and structure The questionnaire investigated the number of staff members in each individual practice to include optometrists, locum optometrists, dispensing opticians, optical assistants and receptionists. These results were calculated as a median function to include the range and are shown in Table 4. The frequency of patient appointments in an average working day were investigated and appointment duration. Practice facilities were reported upon such as number of consulting rooms and number of bathrooms. Results were averaged or calculated as a median function to include the range and are illustrated in Table 5. Table 4. Number of staff members in practice Position held (Median, range) Optometrist (1, 1-20) Locum Optometrist (0, 0-5) Dispensing Optician (1, 0-6) Optical assistant (1, 0-35) Receptionist (2, 0-8) Table 5. General practice statistics and available facilities Average ±SD (Median, range) Number of patients seen per day per optometrist 13.8 ±3.74 (14, 10-25) Appointment length (in minutes) 30.7 ±6.21 (25, 15-60) Number of consulting rooms (2, 1-12) Number of bathrooms (1,1-5) In regard to practice facilities, greater than half of all participants are assigned to their own personal consulting room and report that the hand washing facility is separate from the toilet Three quarters of individuals said that there is at least one wash basin in each consulting room. Fig. 10 illustrates these findings. A large proportion of individuals reported that the practice they worked in did not display a poster detailing official recommendations on the hand washing and hand rubbing technique. Just under half of participants were aware of the poster being displayed in practice. The minority were unsure and this is shown in Fig. 11. Figure 10. Practice facilities Figure 11. Guidance poster detailing the advised handwashing and hand rubbing technique 3.3 Hand hygiene products Figure 12: The gender related practitioner response as a function of hand hygiene product use. A variety of hand hygiene products were listed. Participants rated how often they used each product in relation to the scale provided (always, most of the time, occasionally, very rarely or never). Results were plotted as a function of gender. Fig. 12(a) illustrates that the majority of male

Power Relations in Melville’s The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Power Relations in Melville’s The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States heralded the coming of the â€Å"new industrial order.† With the advent of railroads, industrialization went into full swing. Factories and mills appeared and multiplied, and the push for economic progress became the grand narrative of the country. Still, there was a conscious effort to avoid the filth and poverty so prevalent in European factory towns. Specifically, the town of Lowell, Massachusetts, was held up as an exemplary model of industrial utopia. The mill town included beautiful landscaping and dormitories for the women workers. Indeed, it looked much like a university campus (Klein 231). Nevertheless, this idealized vision eventually gave way to the reality of human greed. The female factory workers worked long hours for little pay as their health deteriorated from the hazardous conditions (238). (Specifically, Carson’s Mill in Dalton, Massachusetts, served as the model for Melville’s short stor y [Melville 2437].) In this way, industrialization (and the subsequent desire for economic wealth) became incompatible with democratic principles. Originally, the prevailing consciousness was that industrialization would further democracy and the two would become a complimentary pair. However, the reality was that these societal changes brought economic divisions; the boundaries were drawn more clearly between the privileged class and the working class. Industrialization finally results in the separation of the classes and the subsequent dialectical tension of production and consumption. This dualistic separation is made possible through the machine, the integral element that cements the unequal distribution of power. In his moral diptych, Melville questions industrialization by exploring these class divisions and the power relations within them. Ultimately, he concludes that it results in an exploitative system that thrives on both connection and isolation. Although the two spheres are physically and emotionally separated, they depend on each other for their continuation. Melville’s â€Å"The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids† expertly shows this interrelationship between the owners of the means of production (the bachelors) and the workers (the maids), and how it finally results in the oppression of the workers. The first part of the tale illustrates the paradoxical life of the industrial class; they are gluttonous consumers and yet live out an empty existence. This wealthy class is represented in the form of bachelor lawyers.

Assignment Web or Mobile System Paper Essay

Mobile applications have become essential to every business seeking to remain relevant in the face of a world filled with people who are constantly on the move. The evolution of technology and the dynamic nature of telecommunication industry has made communication become a significant part of everyone’s life. IPhone is the most versatile communication gadgets that have been created lately. Smartphone’s have become popular these days, and they offer fun filled entertainment. iPhones have become successful and a marvel device which changed the mobile technology with multi-touch interface with powerful features a full-featured web browser, large screen, web browser, email, voice messaging, video calling, thrilling games, beautiful look, and instant messaging. The new wave of the future in the world of technology and businesses are reaping benefits out of their iPhone applications. IPhone apps are design to enhance the experience of the users, engage the customers and build the mobile brand. There are eight generations of iPhone models and can connect too many cellular networks and has WIFI. You can play music, browse the web, shoot video, send and receive email, take photos, record notes, send texts, do mathematical calculations, GPS navigation, and receive visual voicemail. Audio conferencing, caller id, call merging, and call holding is allowed by iPhone. The media library can be sorted by artist, videos, genres, podcast, songs, albums, composers, and audiobooks. The large front on iPhone gives users room to touch their selection and to purchase and downloads songs from the iTunes store that goes directly to their iPhone. With the virtual keyboard on the touch screen and the option to predict what word is needed to be written or correction for any accidental pressing of the keys. There are corrections and spell checking, dynamic dictionary, predictive word capabilities. That learns new words. There are features to support HTML email and gives users the option  to embed photos in your email message. Mail messages can viewed on the phone in words, PowerPoint, pdf, and excel attachments. Some future changes will be the cheap onetime cost foe apps will be replaced by a subscription fee, or a recurring revenue based on usage. The customer expectation, business models and transformations have evolved with the application sophistication and customer experience grows. One of the most fun and innovative things to do is travel and now iPhone offer information about your current location with the touch of a button. The software is developed to know your travel preferences and tastes that is custom tailored to you There are apps in development to prevent texting while driving and apps that can prevent any cell phone use while the vehicle is in motion. Texting while driving has become too dangerous and too many people are having and causing accidents. There have been many deaths and serious injuries cause by texting while driving and many feel the best way to eliminate it is to an app on phones that will not allow cell phone usage while vehicles are in motion. One of the most innovative businesses and one of the most fun things we do in life is travel. With the touch of a button, information about your tastes and preferences are up to date for you. Having that sudden information will benefit you no matter where you’re traveling. IPhones have become important to its users and some could not function on a day-to-day basis without it and some would even feel lost without it. IPhones have given its customers instant access to everything from bills to banks to email to insurance policies and credit cards. The technology of iPhones have advance the way everyone from businesses to the common man or woman. The world of mobile phone technology started changing when iPhone managed to merge the power of smartphones with an attractive design, easy-to-understand and universal style that most people want from a phone. As technology advances and improves, iPhones will only improve and become more helpful. As they become more helpful, people will come to depend on them more. IPhones have been a great benefit, the distraction of all the features have become dangerous and put many at risk.

malaysia essays

malaysia essays Geography is the different feature of the land terrain all of the mountains and the rivers that is has within its the borders of Malaysia. Malaysia has a mountains regions and an ever-decreasing forest but like most countries, Malaysia is not that big and still it has all different characteristics that a bigger country would have. Malaysias total area is 329,750 sq km, which is composed of 1,200 sq km of water and 328,550 sq km of land. Malaysia is compared to as being slightly larger than New Mexico. Malaysias terrain is describable to be like coastal plains riding to hills and mountains and it has a coast line is 2,068 km for peninsular Malaysia and for east Malaysia that is 2,507 km and all together is 4,675 km. Malaysia is divided in two major landmasses and the one which is a peninsula is called Sabah and the other which is part of Borneo a combination of Malaysia and Indonesia is called Sarawak. The highest point in Malaysia is Mount Tahan at an elevation of 2,187 m. Mal aysia also includes small islands including Langkaw and Pinang of the north east coast and Tioman, which is a popular tourism destination. East Malaysia has the countrys largest river the Rajang in Sarawak and Kinabatangan in Sabah they are each 560km long and very navigable. Most of the rivers in Malaysia are steep, descents, and mostly in Sarawak. Malaysias largest lake is Lake Bera and it is in West Malaysia. Malaysias climate is hot and humid all year round with average daily temperatures of 70 degrees to 90 degrees and has an annual rainfall of about 100 inches. The exposed northern slopes of Malaysia can receive up to 200 inches of rain. Its land has land divided into There are also monsoons that effect the southwest from April to October and the northeast from October to February, which leaves only march the month with no monsoons. In Malaysia have several natural disasters that occur which are flooding, landslide...

hemophilia essays

hemophilia essays Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder. People who have hemophilia have a deficiency or an absence of a coagulation protein. A blood clotting factor is deficient or absent. Bleeding is most often into joints, such as the knee, elbow, or ankle, but bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. People with hemophilia bleed longer, not faster. The severity of hemophilia varies greatly. Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are the most common genetic bleeding disorders. Hemophilia A is observed in 80 percent of hemophiliacs and is a deficiency or absence of Factor VIII. It can also be referred to as "classic" hemophilia. In the second most common, hemophilia B, factor IX is missing. This is also known as the "Christmas Disease" because of the surname of the first patient studied. Hemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia later developed a reputation as the "royal disease" because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe. About eighty percent of all cases of hemophilia have an identifiable family history of the disease; in other instances, it may be attributable to a spontaneous mutation. Researchers recently discovered that the spontaneous mutation of the factor VIII gene in two children was due to the attachment of a foreign "jumping gene" that disrupted the blood-clotting ability of the factor VIII gene. Inheritance is controlled by a recessive sex-linked factor carried by the mother on the X chromosome. A probability of one in two exists that each boy born to a normal male and a carrier female will be hemophiliac and the same chance that each girl of this union will be a carrier. Of the children of a hemophiliac mal...

Spa Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Spa Industry - Essay Example With globalisation, the trade and business has experienced tremendous growth. It is the backbone of an economy’s growth and success and hence, the government regulatory always aim to develop trade and business by enhancing industrialization. Besides, the lifestyle of modern people has changed as there have been major improvements in their economic conditions and through process. The entrepreneurs have identified opportunities with the changing time and preferences, and they have commercialized their creative mind for business purposes. Due to emerging demands, necessity and innovations, there are a number of new industries have emerged in recent years for example spa industry, higher education industry, medical tourism industry etc. These industries have successfully identified the potential necessities in existing market and the companies in these industries are able to generate higher profitability. This high profitability also attracts a number of potential investors for in vestments purposes in these emerging industry and business opportunities (English, 2001, p.70). This paper will attempt to analyse the global spa industry and its market for UK. The spa industry is a new emerging industry, and due to its increasing demand of spa treatments, the industry growth rate is high. The primary of aim of this industry analysis is to assess the investment opportunities in spa industry. The industry will be analysed using various business analytical models like PEST, Porter’s five forces and SWOT analysis. Next, the prevailing industry trend and its strategies used by its major companies will be explained followed by an analysis for the industry’s present financial attractiveness. Then, a brief report will be presented showing the future outlook of this industry. Finally, based on analyses and findings proper recommendations will offered for making investments in this industry. Brief Overview of Spa Sector The hospitality and leisure industry are one of the booming industries. The increasing disposable income of people and their changing lifestyles has led to bring significant developments in this industry. Hospitality and leisure industry includes a number of sectors like tourism, medical tourism, hotel, spa and other entertainment sectors. As this paper will deal with spa sector, this section will provide a brief introduction of spa sector. Spa is an emerging service industry that provides body and beauty care treatments. Spa treatments includes non-medical measures like for aromatherapy, hot tub treatment, various types of massages and baths, yoga, meditation etc. These treatments are meant to provide relaxation to human body for increasing the physical wellness. The increasing popularity of these services raises the innovations in this sector and many spa companies are now introducing multiple medical treatments (Ellis, 2009). The following chart shows the different services categories that are included in Australian sp a industry. Figure 1: Structure of Australian Spa Industry (Source: Smith and Puczko, 2008, p.123) As per industry life cycle, this industry is at its growing stage and profitability of this industry is expected to increase at higher rate. Generally, the major players in hotel industries have taken forward integration strategies and offer spa services. However, the increasing popularity has led to develop retail spa sector. This industry targets large group consumers including

Critique of Research Studies Part-3 Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critique of Studies Part-3 - Research Paper Example The research had two groups, with one on the self-management services program while the other one was Non-SMS. The researchers assumed that the differences between the two groups were the result of the self-management services program. The research used Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) as the main statistical analysis tool. Comparison of the two groups in the study relied on the v2 test and variance analysis. In order to estimate the time and ratings of the dialysis process, the researchers opted for the Kaplan–Meier method. These methods successfully helped control for the occurrence of confounding variables. The researchers minimized the occurrence of both type 1 and 2 types of errors by ensuring a careful calculation of a significant p-value that served as a guide in the rejection of either the null and the alternate hypotheses. The nurses charged with the role of data collection and entry did a diligent job because th ere was no issue of missing data since data was available for the 54 patients. Findings The researchers present comprehensive finding from the two groups with emphasis accorded to the statistical significance. In all cases, the p-value is provided and there is evidence of effect size as the researchers focused on establishing the differences between the two groups of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. There is good user of tables and figures in the representation results. The confidence intervals seem reasonable in addressing the parameters for an unknown population. Moreover, the presented findings from both groups and variables considered suffice to allow a meta-analysis in comparison to different sets of data obtained from related studies. Discussion Interpretation of Findings It is evident that the researchers embarked on an extensive process of interpreting the presented results. There is an elaboration of the meaning and significance of measuring all the variables highlighted in the report. Apparently, the researchers have discussed the results within the framework described in the introduction. Therefore, the discussion exhibits relevance to the context of chronic kidney disease and the effect of the self-management services. The researchers have made a point of justifying all the causal inferences inherent from their findings. Evidently, all interpretations provided in the discussion section have a good basis contextually, making them well founded. In addition, there is evidence of consistency of the discussions offered and the research limitations. As expected, the research presented its unique limitations especially in definition of the effect size that highlights the difference between the SMS and Non-SMS groups. The researchers also paid attention to the generalizability of the findings to a greater population. Implications/recommendations The researchers highlight the implications of their study in accordance to the presented findings . It becomes apparent that the self-management services program designed to address the issues that the patients consider as critical effective in reducing the rate at which the

Assignment 5 (675) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5 (675) - Case Study Example The challenge is therefore incorporating the new ideas into the current curriculum and implanting them successfully. 2. Forcing the new area into a curriculum that is already considerably full will call for a very articulate strategy so as not to hurt the students already entrenched in the old curriculum. As a district supervisor, my strategy would be to employ the curriculum development process and planning cycle. It will important to ask ourselves the purpose that our schools seek to achieve, how to select learning experiences that are useful in the attainment of the same and organising the experiences so as to instruct effectively. The final issue is evaluation of the effectiveness of learning experiences. Thus through evaluation of the old curriculum it can be possible to drop what have become obsolete and incorporate modern ones such as life skills.The strategy would therefore involve conducting a survey among the students and stakeholders to determine how many would like the inclusion of life skills in the curriculum 3. In todays and the technological schools of the next decade the programme would take the theme of inculcating technology skills that are necessary for survival in the modern economy. By incorporating and teaching technology in the curriculum, learners would be allowed to appreciate the central place technology is occupying in the modern daily life. Many learners are likely to enjoy practical skills such as working with computers hence would tend to contribute to their own learning. 1. In the second case study, the major issues are resistant to change and the fear among principals of losing their autonomy when it comes to choosing books. The principals want to control and organise the function at the building level for they benefit in a way e.g. through the â€Å"Wines and Cheese† parties hosted by companies selling books. 2. As a new

The Us Federal Reserve VS European Central Bank Essay Example for Free

The Us Federal Reserve VS European Central Bank Essay INTRODUCTION This paper will analyze the difference between U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank.   Provide assumption on which central banking system is able to provide stability on its respective country based on their approved mandates and what are the degrees of independence does Central Bank benefit from both in theory and reality and determine which central bank is able show better results in keeping the overall economy of its respective countries stable. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE US FEDERAL RESERVE AND EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK The comparison of the Eurosytem and the Federal Reserve System is based on the following: institutional structure, the monetary policy strategy, the monetary policy instruments and the operating procedures of the two central banks as the focal point.    In the study conducted by Karlheinz Ruckriegel and Franz Seitz they concluded that the structure of both institutions has similarities but the main tasks and the legal status are by far different.   The main task of the Eurosytem is price stability while Federal Reserve objective is price stability and full employment achieving both all at the same time. Ruckriegel and Seitz believe in the importance of the independent status of the Eurosytem by international law (EU Treaty) gives an edge of the Federal Reserve System since the status of the Federal Reserve depends on Congress.   The Constitution gives Congress the power to set its value. Therefore, the Federal Reserve’s power is limited to views of the Congress.    They also noted the similarities in the operating procedures of monetary policy of both institutions, similarities in the design of the minimum reserves and the operating target. In both cases the overnight interest rate is the operating target of monetary policy. Apart from required reserves, the instruments of monetary policy are different. The differences can be traced back to historical factors, legal problems of the change of existing arrangements and a different understanding of monetary policy. In this context the Eurosytem has the advantage of introducing all arrangements according to the knowledge of monetary policy and theory. Therefore both writers classified the Eurosytem as the superior system under efficiency viewpoint. Especially, the obvious absence of strategy on the side of the Fed for several years. INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT The difference between the US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank is that the first has a dual mandate which has an objective of prioritizing full employment and price stability at the same time whereas ECB is under the hierarchical mandates which the principal objective is stability other objectives is pursued once the inflation objective is met. The dual mandate of the Federal Reserve helps stabilize the inflation and unemployment situation of the country.   The dual mandate simply states to promote price stability and maximize employment meaning full-employment without pressure on inflation.   The key to dual mandate is to implement both objectives at the same time whereas European Central Bank has hierarchical mandates that prioritize price stability before pursuing other objectives.   ECB will only pursue other objective one’s price stability has been achieved.   Hierarchical mandates set inflation objectives in terms of forecast or as mid-term objectives this allows them to gradually return to their inflation objectives if there are changes in inflation. United States have the largest economy in the world their monetary policy has economic and financial effect on other countries.   The U.S. monetary policy involves influencing short-term interest rates and the supply of money and credit to promote basic goals established by the Congress.   According to Congress price stability normally implies that inflation should be low enough not to play a significant factor in economic decision making while â€Å"Maximum sustainable economic output and employment† goes well together with economic output and employment, it steadily grows consistent with the economy’s long-run ability to develop while strengthening price stability. In Euro the simultaneous decline in inflation and the labor share of income over the past two decades have motivated significant interest in how these phenomena might be connected.   In the summary of Katharine Neiss and Edward Neslon â€Å"Inflation dynamics, marginal cost and output gap:   Evidence from the three countries monetary policy analysis, suggests a different path from what is currently emphasized. They found little support that wage markup movements are an important source of inflation dynamics for a given output gap, and therefore concluded that more detailed modeling of labor market rigidities is not a high priority in analyzing inflation. On the other hand, they find that modeling the dynamic effects of real shocks not only productivity shocks but also preference shocks on potential GDP is crucial for understanding inflation behavior. They explicitly relate potential output dynamics to underlying shocks, hence the importance of optimizing models in monetary policy analysis. CENTRAL BANK’S DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE For many years many countries has made progress in towards adopting legislative proposals removing their central banks from government control thus making them independent. Based on the empirical and theoretical studies it showed that there is no clear answer was shown that there can be an economic benefit to be gained in having an independent central bank.   In summary, empirical studies provide evidence of a negative correlation between central bank independents and inflation and central bank independence and fiscal deficits. Theoretical studies indicate that independent central bank can increase policy conflicts with the government whenever preferences of the two differ and in so doing worsen the economic performance of the country.   Both studies however do not provide support for the idea that countries should place monetary policy in the hands of the executive or legislative branches of government. Therefore empirical studies put emphasis on price stability and freedom to pursue these goals are primary determinants of independence whereas, theoretical studies equates independence with non-cooperation between the fiscal and monetary authorities in policy implementation. Each central bank representative on the panel brings with them instrument of independence this is used to isolate central bank from political interference.   This interference can be politically motivated.   The purpose of this insulation is not to allow the central bank to pursue policy preference.   The governments are consistent in defining broad goals for central banks, commitment from the government through central bank is to achieve different goals but their main objective is price stability. The Congress structured the Federal Reserve to be independent within the government therefore it is accountable to the Congress and its goals for economic performance are set by law. According to Governor Laurence H. Meyer on his speech At the National Association for Business Economics Seminar on Monetary Policy and the Markets, Washington, D.C. on May 21, 2001 in his speech he said: â€Å"Central bank independence is in part the result of formal institutional arrangements typically incorporated in the legislation defining and creating the central bank. The most important requirement is that the central bank is the final authority on monetary policy decisions. That is, monetary policy decisions should not be subject to the veto of the executive or legislative branches of government. This is further protected if other institutions of the governmenttypically the Treasury Department or the Ministry of Financeare not represented on the monetary policy committee. A lesser protection would be to allow such representation, but only in a non-voting capacity, as is the practice at the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan†. Instrument independence is facilitated by long overlapping membership terms, by limited opportunities for reappointment, and by protecting committee members from removal. Therefore the degree of independence that central bank enjoys is based on imposed mandates.   Though independent it is clear that it has its limitations there is generally an attempt to balance independence and accountability. CONCLUSION In conclusion it is believed that both European Central Bank and Federal Reserve has advantages.   It is predominant that it is the people, culture and society dictates which form is more advantageous.   Therefore applicability is based on culture and racial orientation. REFERENCES Bruha, Jan and Podpiera, Jiri, Inquirers on Dynamics of Transitions Economy Convergence in two Country Model working paper series No. 791August 2007 De Grawe, Paul Is the ECB Handicapped in Stabilizing Output Because of Rigidities? University of Leuven, 3/27/2007 Eurointelligence Some Notes on theReturn of Inflation ECB watch, 3/6/2007 Lawless, Martina and Whelan, Karl Understanding the Dynamics of Labor Shares and Inflation Working paper series No. 784, July 2007 Neiss, Katharine and Nelson, Edward Inflation Dynamics, Marginal Cost and Output Gap: Evidence from Three Countries February 2002 Pollard, Patricia, Central Bank Independence and Economic Performance Ruckriegel, Karlheinz and Seitz, Franz The Eurosystem and the Federal Reserve System Compared Facts and Challenges February 2002 Wyplosz, Charles Wake Up Call For The ECB, Institute of International Studies, 2/7/2007